Building Blocks of Life Essay

Part 1: Mitosis and Meiosis Short-Answer Response Use Ch. 5 of BioInquiry and the â€Å"Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis† video as resources for Part 1 of this assignment. Write 75- to 100-word answers to the following questions. Why are the process of mitosis and meiosis both important to a living organism? Both mitosis and meiosis processes are extremely important because they are the division of chromosomes and without this division reproduction would not occur. Cell division plays an important role in the life cycle of a cell allowing the cell to grow, develop and then reproduce. If these processes did not occur then the cells would eventually die out and without the ability to be replaced by new cells then the host would die as well. When would an organism need to undergo the process of mitosis? Meiosis? An organism would need to undergo the process of mitosis in order to repair damaged cells or to start a new cell life cycle through cellular division. All cells need to be replaced on the regular basic within a living organism the cells divide and create new cells. An organism would need to undergo the process of meiosis when it needs to produce cells that are designated for sexual reproduction, such as egg or sperm cells within humans What would happen if meiosis did not occur? If meiosis did not occur then haploid cells would not be made resulting in the cell being unable to reproduce. Meiosis I reduces the number of chromosomes by half so that when fertilization occurs the number of  chromosomes would be reestablished. During meiosis II the daughter cell is a unique variation of its parent cell while still only having one pair of chromosomes. Part 2: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Matrix Complete the matrix. Use the following questions to aid in completion: What is the purpose of this pathway? Reactants: What does this reaction need to proceed? Products: What is produced because of the reaction? The role of ATP: Does it supply energy or store energy? Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Pathway Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Light-dependent reaction Light-independent reaction Purpose Energy Harvesting or Sugar-Splitting breakdown of glucose to single carbon molecules Converts oxygen to water Provide energy for the light-independent reaction Produces food for cellular respiration Where it takes place Cell cytoplasm Mitochondria Mitochondria Chloroplasts Chloroplasts Reactants ATP, NADH, Pyruvates,CO2,Coenzyme A,PGAL Acetyl Co-A, oxaloacetate, Citrate, Alpha ketoglutarate NADH, FADH2 Sunlight, chlorophyll, and water ATP, carbon dioxide, and NADPH Products H20, NADH, ATP Carbon dioxide and ATP 36 ATP Oxygen and ATP Carbohydrates (sugar and starch) The role of ATP Energy used to breakdown Pyruvic acid into Acetyl Co-enzyme A for the Krebs Cycle Energy to drive the electron transport High production of ATP produces energy for overall cell growth and repair Transports solar energy in the form of ATP to power other chemical reactions Fuels the formation of carbohydrates

Female Foeticide: Death Before Birth Essay

It has been six long decades since India gained independence but many Indians are still trapped in age-old traditional beliefs. Here, ‘old beliefs’ imply the mindset of people who still find themselves in the trap of girl-boy inequality. The ‘liberal’ Indian society has failed to transform the other orthodox India. No doubt India is advancing at a fast pace in the field of science and technology, and also in aping of the western culture, but if we look at the grass root level, the picture is not so rosy; it is rather a dark, especially when it comes to how we treat the fairer sex. The status of females in India aptly symbolizes India’s status of being a developing nation – miles away from becoming a developed state. Of course, India deserves to be in this list because here, in this 21st century, the girl child continues to be murdered before she is born. Female foeticide is still prevalent in the Indian society, in fact, it has been a practice for hundreds of years. Narrow-minded people do not mind murdering their unborn daughters for the fear of giving huge amounts of dowry at the time of her marriage. Such people, whenever they discover they are going to have a girl child (through illegal sex selection tests), get the foetus aborted. Else they would continue to reproduce till they get a male heir. When price rise is already taking a toll on the standard of living, is it necessary to go in for more than two children irrespective of their gender? Many families put pressure on women to give birth to boy so that he can take family’s name forward, light the funeral pyre and be the bread earner of the family. But these days, are girls less competent than boys? Just look at the results of Board exams or any other competitive exams, girls mostly outshine boys. Women empowerment has led to inundation of females excelling in the corporate world, engineering and medical professions. Sadly, there have been numerous incidents of the foetus being found lying in farms, floating in rivers, wrapped up in jute bags etc. India’s major social problem is the intentional killing of the girl child. The struggle for a girl child starts the day her existence is known in her mother’s womb. The fear and struggle to survive swallow most of the girl’s life even if she is ‘allowed’ to live in this cruel world. In India, the girl child is considered a burden as huge amounts of money, gold and other items need to be given in the form of dowry when she gets married. Dowry is not the only reason for poor couple to abort their girl child. The ages old traditions, customs and beliefs of the Indian society are largely responsible for creating a negative mindset among the couples. More shocking is the fact that the sinful crime of female foeticide is not only common in rural areas where social discrimination against women, lack of proper education etc. ca n be considered as reasons behind carrying out such acts, but also the ultra modern, so-called ‘educated’ people living in urban areas and metropolitan cities who are a step ahead in killing the girl child in the womb. The truth behind this crime has been brought into light several times by the print and electronic media. But, it has failed to melt the hearts and minds of those who remain unaffected by the consequences of the grave sin they are committing. The matter was discussed in length and breadth in the inaugural episode of the show ‘Satyamave Jayate’ anchored by Bollywood actor Aamir Khan. The show has once again ignited the spirited discussion on the female foeticide in the country. That episode had mothers from different parts of rural and urban India talking about the pressure and the problems they faced for delivering a girl child. Although the show is doing really well and has already garnered positive reviews from the audiences, we will have to wait and see whether the impact will remain even after the programme stops beaming into our drawing rooms every Sunday. The emotional connect which the show has successfully created should be strong enough to stop the killing of the girl child before being born. If we look at the figures of sex ratio in India, according to the 2011 Census, the number of girls stands at 940 which is a marginal increase from 933 in 2001. Not surprisingly, Haryana has the lowest sex ratio among the states while Kerala remains at the top with the highest sex ratio. In the national capital Delhi, the statistics stand at 821 girls against 1000 boys in 2001 compared to 866 in 2011. According to the statistics, nearly 10 million female foetuses have been aborted in the country over the past two decades. Of the 12 million girls born in India, one million do not see their first birthdays. As a result, human trafficking has become common in various states of India where teenage girls are being sold for cheap money by poor families. The girls are treated as sex objects and more than half of such cases go unreported. The United Nations’ World Population Fund indicated that India has one of the highest sex imbalances in the world. Not surprisingly, demographers warn that there will be a shortage of brides in the next 20 years because of the adverse juvenile sex ratio, combined with an overall decline in fertility. With the advent of technology, ultrasound techniques gained widespread use in India during the 1990s. It resulted in the foetal sex determination and sex selective abortion by medical professionals. Recently, incidences of female foeticide were reported from Beed district in Maharashtra where women used to come to a doctor’s clinic to get their female child aborted for Rs 2000. Just think for a moment about the doctor’s connivance in this illegal act. Doctors, whose aim is to save the lives of people, happily kill the foetus for a meagre two thousand bucks! And more heart wrenching is the fact that the aborted foetuses were very often fed to dogs. The above mentioned case is not the only one of such heart wrenching heinous crimes. There are thousands of such clinics where illegal activities are carried out on a daily basis and in some cases, in connivance with politicians and police men. The life transition from a female foetus to a school going girl to a caring woman is never an easy task for the fairer sex. She has to face challenges at every step of her life. Daily, there is news related to rape, sexual harassment, molestation, verbal abuse, torture, exploitation. She has to fight against gender indiscrimination, inequality, and hundreds of social norms are tagged with her the day she puts her steps outside her home. In most of the cases, women abort their female child involuntarily when they succumb to family pressures. The in-laws’ illogical demand/ desire for a boy preference makes the life of women hell. Sometimes, she is left by her husband if she is unable to give birth to a child and worse happens when she conceives a girl child. Ironically, it all happens in a country where the girl is seen as an incarnation of Goddess ‘Laxmi’. True, many families are out of bounds in joy when a girl child is born in their family. They think she will bring luck, harmony, happiness and peace in their family. They even touch her feet to seek her blessings. Many childless couples even adopt a girl child irrespective of the worries of her future (mainly marriage). In such a grim scenario, it’s really difficult to digest the harsh reality of the differences between a boy and a girl. India has a deeply rooted patriarchal attitude to which even the doctors and the women, who in spite of being the victims, unthinkingly subscribe. There is an urgent need of undoing the historical and traditional wrongs of a gendered society; only then the hope of abolition of female infanticide and boy preference can positively adjust the figures in favour of the girl child in future. The skewed sex ratio has to find a balance in order to maintain the progress of the country.

Inventory, Management, and Scheduling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inventory, Management, and Scheduling - Essay Example In this system, rather than placing the inventory in the centralized warehouses, it is placed in small stockpiles conventionally referred to as kanban at strategic points along the assemble line. â€Å"Both [lean manufacturing and the Total Quality Management (TQM)] strategies empower workers on the assembly line, in the belief that those closest to production have the greatest knowledge of how the production system should work† (Blacharski, 2011). Example of the lean manufacturing system can be of a car manufacturing company that takes the order for making a certain type and number of tyres for a day, and the producers are required to deliver them within a limited time to a certain loading bay. Companies benefit from the lean manufacturing because the use of kanban serves to cause a considerable reduction in the amount of waste along with bringing a manifold improvement in the overall productivity of the work. Lean manufacturing also ensures that the work is accomplished in accordance with the consumers’ expectations about the quality of the product. In order to achieve this, each part is analyzed for defects immediately after its creation. In case a defect is noticed, functioning of the production line comes to a halt in order to allow the analysts to determine the problem in its very initial stages. Requirements for balancing JIT and lean systems include commitment of all departments of aligning with a unified goal that is acknowledged and approved by the top management so that planning can be done and resources can be arranged in time accordingly. Initial stages of implementation of lean system require a lot of financial commitment. In order to achieve the required level of efficiency in the system, it is imperative that employees are adequately empowered. Production decisions should be allowed to be made at the lowest level in the hierarchy of the organization structure. Employees that are the most affected if a company decides to switch to a

Gambling Casinos Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gambling Casinos - Research Paper Example The city attracted more and more people looking for work, and jobs were plentiful. It became a place where divorce could be obtained very quickly, which added to the lure of the economy. It also became a major tourist attraction of people interested in watching the construction progress of a massive dam. It was a way for the city to raise tax revenue. The first casino/resort to be built was the El Rancho in 1941, which started a booming industry that replaced mining and farming as the number one industry by 1950. Looking at Las Vegas today, it is still a thriving economic marvel. Residents are lured by the No State Income Taxes, increasingly newer homes, great climate year round, easy access to highways and good roads, great public schools, and state-of-the-art hospitals. The allure of a good job market, hiking and water sports, and just the prospect of a better life bring approximately 5,000 new people a month. It also loses 1,000 people a month, however, these numbers are based on vacationers. The growth of the city has been from legalized gambling and casinos. Gambling, wagering and betting bring in millions of dollars to Las Vegas and it’s one of the major reasons people migrate there. Other major Casinos are in New Jersey, Mississippi, and Pennsylvania. New Jersey was the second state to legalize casino gambling in 1978. This move helped to revitalize the resort area known as Atlantic City, and it was a success. Gambling has always been a subjective issue in the United States. Supporters argue that it increases revenues to the state and local economies in addition to promoting jobs and recreational benefits. History shows that the economic benefits greatly outweigh the detrimental side of casino gambling People who are opposed to casino gambling cite higher crime rates, gambling addiction and moral issues. Other less mentioned arguments are erosion of work ethics and traffic congestion. Some of these points can be measured in dollars lost in the for m of more police, increased legal and prison costs, the cost of social services for compulsive gambling, lost job production, and costs for traffic control. However, the damage that is done to persons and families cannot be measured. According to Terry Rephann with the Allegany College of Maryland casino gaming is more popular among older and more affluent people. Using Minnesota as an example, gamblers are drawn mostly from within the state to the Indian Casinos. The Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988 made if possible for the Native American Tribes to negotiate Class III gaming compacts within their own states. They are allowed to operate full-scale casinos. Thus, in the last decade it has become a viable means of stimulating the economy, lowering unemployment and increasing tax revenues to local and state governments. Among other benefits, it has allowed Native Americans to greatly improve the quality of their lives. It has improved their schools, housing, jobs and income. Casin os attract tourism, increase business to other businesses in the area as well as lift the tax burden on the residents of the community. In economically depressed areas, casinos are seen as a sure way to draw tourists and create new jobs. Native Americans also have misgivings about the social ills that come with gambling. Chris Pearson, who is a member of the Mashantucket Pequot tribe says, â€Å"Native Americans are very spiritual people, and we don’

The Role of the State in Industrial Relations Personal Statement

The Role of the State in Industrial Relations - Personal Statement Example In France, the ‘Collective Agreements Act’ of 1950 provided an all-inclusive official framework for collective bargaining (p. 103). In Britain, until the 1970s IR system was less synchronized by law than other Western countries since there was an enduring practice of ‘voluntarism’ and self-sufficiency by the parties which had become part of the British cultural inheritance (p. 103). As Ron (1994) suggests most IR theory recognizes the limitations on state actions due to the power of other ‘actors’. Independent power can be achieved either through high degrees of concentration through a small number of large firms and large unions (in Germany) or potentially low independent power can be compensated through a large number of small and medium-sized employers (as in Germany) and unions (in Britain) acting through associations to compensate for their relative individual powerlessness (The State, p7). There are perhaps some desires to use the comparative studies for practical experience, or to use the IR systems of particular country which can demonstrate lack of higher success possibilities within the society – by means of rapid ‘rates of economic growth’ or an absence of serious industrial conflict – as ‘models’ to follow and possibly adopt (p.5). Today’s involvement recalls the historical influence of Hugh Clegg, Bill McCarthy, and Allan Flanders when industrial relations were a striking option for academics (Acken & Wilkinson 2003, p. xv). This shows a strapping return of unions although, thanks to the recent slump in these economies, some special effects of Employment relations remain at risk (p. xv) – as unions are united under a single restoration policy, that is, worn to shreds between the claims of adversarial management mixture and agility in bridge-building way of business and management (p. xv).

The godfather 1 review Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

The godfather 1 review - Research Paper Example The film directed by Francis Ford Coppola was based on a novel with a similar title written by Mario Puzo, and was proclaimed to be the most influential picture in the genre of gangster films. It was also acknowledged as a culturally relevant film in its depiction of the mafia culture that was thriving in the American society of those times. Due to its success, the film won three Oscars, which included the best actor prize for Marlon Brando and the best screen play award among other picture categories. The film also was nominated for several other cinematographic awards underlining its success. The movie’s plot is centered upon the lives of the crime families in New York. At the beginning of the movie, the daughter of Vito Corleone is getting married. His son Michael returns from military service but is unwilling to engage in crime, which is the time-honored family business. With time, the nature of the family business dawns on Michael, when the family sinks into top violence because of an impediment in their business. This happens when a drug dealer Virgil Sollozo approaches the family for protection in exchange for the profit from the drug money. The Don’s morals do not agree with the nature of drug-dealing business, and he rejects the offer (Larke-Walsh 38). This displeases the drug dealer who hires assassins to take Don’s life. They almost succeed but Don survives the attempt. This leads to retaliation from the family, with Michael on the forefront. The events lead to the tragic tearing of the Corleone family. In the end, however, Michael becomes t he new Don after the demise of his father (â€Å"The synopsis for the Godfather†). In the movie, Michael is concerned with legitimacy and is not keen to participate in the family business. He strives to make the family legitimate, free from immorality and crime. It, however, the nature of the

In What Way, According to Rousseau, is Humanity Perverse Essay

In What Way, According to Rousseau, is Humanity Perverse - Essay Example In these regards, Rousseau points to a number of pre-Enlightenment collectives, such as the Germanic tribes, that, he believes, were able to function in a more harmonious state as a result of their proximity to natural human instincts. German philosopher Immanuel Kant considered many of the same aspects of human nature and Enlightenment similar to Rousseau. There are varying degrees to which Kant’s celebration of the Enlightenment is inconsistent with Rousseau’s view of the perversity of humanity. Kant’s celebration of the Enlightenment is, perhaps, most inconsistent with Rousseau’s views on the perversity of humanity in terms of the beneficial social gain achieved in the move from the Medieval Ages to the Renaissance. It has been demonstrated that Rousseau rejects blanket assertions of this move as being an indictor or social progress as to an extent he believes that it perverts the natural state of humanity. This is contrasted with Kant’s perspect ive on Enlightenment as a clear and direct means of humanity absolving itself from its immaturity. Consider Kant’s writing, â€Å"Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one's understanding without guidance from another† (Kant, p. 45). To a large extent, the inconsistency between Kant and Rousseau’s perspective here can be linked to notions of intellectual modernism. While Kant has embraced the idea that intellectual and social progress operate on a linear path of enlightenment, Rousseau has resisted this concept, contending instead that it is oftentimes possible for ostensible social progress to be a perversion of humanity’s natural... This essay has examined Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s conception of human perversity. It has further considered the extent that Rousseau’s perspective on human perversity is inconsistent with Kant’s celebration of the Enlightenment. In these contexts of understanding, it’s argued that the main inconsistency between the perspectives is in terms of micro and macro-scales of thought. On an individual scale, Rousseau rejects the Enlightenment as pure progress, while Kant embraces it as an escape for immaturity. Conversely, on a large-scale, both theorists recognize that in rejecting divine sovereignty, society can be entrusted with achieving self-governance through the social contract and categorical imperative. While Rousseau and Kant disagree on the blanket nature of social progress as achieved through the Enlightenment, to a degree it’s clear that Rousseau’s perspective on the social contract and Kant’s perspective on social mores are consist ent. The divergence in understanding between Kant and Rousseau’s perspectives on human perversion and social progress are evident when considered from a larger scale.

Evaluate PESTEL factors in Beatles store in London Essay

Evaluate PESTEL factors in Beatles store in London - Essay Example However, later, analysts decided to extend it and include the last two factors as well, giving rise to PESTEL. A PESTEL analysis essentially measures a market. It can be used in conducting marketing and business development related assessments, and can assist in the decision making process of an organization(Hall,2008). It must be noted that the Beatles’ store in London, is a real treat for all the diehard fans of the infamous UK based band called â€Å"the Beatles’ of the 1960s. A large range of memorabilia, ranging from clothing, bags, mugs, and magnets, to miniature guitars, drum kits, old and new records, various autographed items and figurines, everything Beatles related can be found at the store. The store is located at baker street, which was an area originally high class residential, but now is mainly occupied by commercial premises. To gain a better understanding, each factor must be broken down and each component needs to be analyzed separately. Political fac tors address the degree to which a government can intervene in an economy. These factors primarily include tariffs, tax policy, trade restrictions, provision of merit goods, restrictions on demerit goods etc(Middleton,2007). it may also include education, health and a nations infrastructure, all of which are greatly influenced by government intervention. One basic legal legislation that may hamper sales for the store is the decision of the government to impose a GST of 20% (increased from the initial 17.5%) in January 3 2011(Jones,1998). Economic factors include the basic economic ideals such as interest rate, exchange rates, inflation rates, unemployment rate and economic growth. These factors have a massive impact on a businesses operating activities. For example, the inflation rate can determine whether or not people will consume certain goods and services given their real incomes at current inflation rate. Economic conditions affect the feasibility of success and profit at any g iven time, as they have an impact on capital availability, demand and cost. If the demand is extremely high and coupled with low economic cost, it will be profitable for the firm to invest in such a business(Libecap, 1996). The kind of strategy implemented depends on the economic conditions prevailing at the time. If the economy as a whole, or certain sectors of the economy for that matter are expanding, products and services may have more expansive markets and higher demands than during recessionary times. If employment level is high and income levels in turn are high, people in general will demand more as they will have more money to spend in disposable terms. In relation to the store, the fact that the UK economy has just come out of the credit crunch may help in keeping intact the fear of the last economic recession that was not too long ago, which in turn may also hamper growth of sales for the store. Consumption growth has slowed down after the credit crunch of 2008-2009 and i s expected to grow by only 0.6% in 2011 and 1.3% in 2012. By 2015 growth is expected to increase by 2.3% if the government abides by its current economic policies and the spending is continuously financed by extra debt (REFERENCE:  Larry Elliott Economics editor, The Guardian, Monday 4 April 2011). However, this may be a reason to worry in the longer run as spending is financed as a result of economic policies through which

Assignment 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

5 - Assignment Example † All organizations need to realize the important of human resources and the value they give to the firm via their services. Human resource functions are critical for all companies regardless of their niche or size. The employees of the organization are the main resources that execute the objectives of the firm. However, while setting a human resource unit, an organization should look at the service composition of the department. These may include payroll and tax administration, legal compliance, liability protection, negotiation of benefits, administration of benefits, acquisition of talent, hiring employees, managing performance, leadership training, attendance and time monitoring, employee development, and guidance and review on termination. All these specific functions of human resource management need to be performed in a systematic mode so that all needs of the employees are catered by the firm in a successful manner. Performing human resource management functions success fully will allow organizations to gain a strong competitive edge in the business market. According to a 2010 study by the Human Resource Professionals Association (HRPA), chief executives believe that their human resource departments are crucial components of their businesses (3). Regarding performance, the study documented that senior HR is as essential as any other organizational pillar of a company. Fifty per cent of chief executives in the study had led their companies through enormous growth from 2008 to 2010. The other half had been leaders of companies that went through severe economic challenges during the same period that led to downsizing. In the two cases, the HR department contributed significantly to the management of effective work levels. This was crucial for the resilience of the organizations during the time of turbulence ("The Role and Future of HR"). The chief executives of the companies that experienced growth, acknowledged the importance of HR in attracting tale nt. The ones from companies that downsized were of the opinion that the most critical contribution of HR was in ensuring that the communication with employees remained transparent during the difficult times. They also helped in retaining the best talent. Retaining talented employees is crucial for long term success as market is becoming competitive with every passing day. From the study, it is clear that the HR department is a business partner that has the ability to see a company through moments of great success and economic threats alike. Consequently, a weak HR department would help bring a company to an early demise ("The Role and Future of HR"). Therefore, it is important for all organizations to ensure that they have a competitive HR department to manage their human resources. How Poor, Neglected â€Å"Operations† Is in Fact the Ugly Duckling That Can Mature Into A Swan Many MBA graduates avoid working in the operations departments of organizations because they hold the se areas with a low opinion. The fresh MBAs have in mind that these jobs are done by low qualified people and hence they do not accept such offers. Most companies are out to improve their operations to attract more talent because without operations businesses cannot exist. The second part of this paper provides information on how a company can improve its operations. Over the past five years, most companies have experienced a slump in their growth. At the same time, the costs of sales and marketing have been increasing.

The McCarthy Essay Example for Free

The McCarthy Essay The McCarthy Trails and the Salem witch trials have always drawn comparisons to each other in many ways. People were punished unfairly and without any real form of proof. As we continue throughout history, events similar to the McCarthy and Salem Witch Trials have sprung up occasionally in current events. The methods of persecution in these events have varied from the minor to the extreme. Due to these unfair practices, many victims had their livelihoods destroyed and some were even killed due to another person’s word over theirs. In both of these situations, the accusers were hungry for power and would do anything possible to achieve this power. In any case, reputations were ruined, lives were lost, or families were decimated. The methods of persecution for criminals have varied greatly throughout the ages. Incarceration, torture, and death are common methods that have been used as punishments for crimes. During the McCarthy and Salem Witch Trials, people were punished in many ways. During the Salem Witch Trials, the accused were first placed in jail to await a hearing. In all, over 150 people were arrested and placed in jail. Even more were accused but were never pursued by the proper authorities. If found guilty of witchcraft, the victims were sentenced to death by hanging. Between June and September of 1692 nineteen of the accused were hanged. On September 19th, 1962 one man was pressed to death when he failed to plead guilty or not guilty. At least four deaths occurred from the accused dying while incarcerated. The punishments during the McCarthy trials while less severe, still had a devastating impact on the persons involved. People accused of being communist had their names added to a blacklist created by Hollywood. The only way to be removed was to meet before the House of Un-American Activities Committee and prove your innocence. If a person that was called before the House of Un-American Activities Committee refused to name other people involved in these communist groups then you would be added to the blacklist. Over 320 people were placed on the list which stopped them from working in the entertainment industry. The United States government then decided to use the Alien Registration Act to place over forty-six people in jail. Senator Joseph McCarthy then accused 205 people in the State Department of being communists. Investigations were launched and many thousands lost their jobs after admitting to being members of the communist party. Senator McCarthy ruined the lives of many, all to increase his own power and self-image. It is amazing that an event like the Salem Witch Trials was allowed to repeat itself with the McCarthy trials. The Salem Witch Trials, McCarthyism, and even recent events all draw similarities to each other. Events where people have been wrongly prosecuted have happened throughout history. The similarities begin with a culture that is in a state of panic. The Salem Witch Trials were the result of a very strong effort to find witches brought on by panic about strange events. The same was true for McCarthy in the Senate. He was on a mission to find communists, and an already panicked public was very willing to believe him. Both were based on incorrect facts and gained momentum due to their leaders instilling public hysteria. Both trials ended when the accusations proved to be false and unsubstantiated. In my current event, a victim had Secret Service agents show up at her house because she supposedly had anti-American posters in her home. The poster that the agents were referring to was one with President Bush holding a rope, with the words: We Hang on Your Every Word. George Bush, Wanted: 152 Dead. It refers to the number who was put to death in Texas while Bush was the governor. The woman had her information taken down and her name added to some type of list. Many of these types of situations have been springing up around the country. Terrorism in recent years is the main cause of this; just like witch hysteria and communism of the past. Acts like the Patriot Act inflict on certain rights of Americans. Warrantless wiretapping has become a serious issue in recent years, with groups such as the ACLU attacking such policies. Overall, these events do draw many similarities to each other and their effects will never be forgotten. The Salem Witch Trials, McCarthyism, and recent events also have much dissimilarity between them. During McCarthyism, the punishments for being accused were much less severe. You could get blacklisted under McCarthyism, but you received a fair trial and no one was ever killed during these events. The worst scenario was either a job loss or a tarnished reputation. The Salem Witch trials involved superstition that went beyond the Christian religion. People were mainly accused by a group of girls that pointed the finger to many innocent women. If they admitted to being a witch then they were sparred from death. Today, rights granted by the constitution are being stressed by the government with the hope of keeping American people safe. You may be investigated, but no harm has since come because of these new policies. As time continues, we will see how future events transpire and how similar they are to the past. The McCarthy Trails and the Salem witch trials have had a great affect on our history. Victims were unfairly reprimanded during these events. The methods of persecution ranged from death to defamation of character. Power hungry individuals led the hysteria, sacrificing others to build up their power. What we do know is that these types of events continue to arise, even in today’s world. Whether we have learned from these events will remain to be seen.

Simulation Of Scheduling Algorithms

Simulation Of Scheduling Algorithms Abstract- In this term paper we have discuss simulation of scheduling algorithm. We have discuss various type of scheduling algorithm such as robin round, first comes first served, shortest job first, and etc. We also discuss its advantages and disadvantages. In this term paper we take some c programme based on this scheduling algorithm to understand properly. We also include some graphical representatiion of each scheduling. From which we can differentiate between each algorithm. Keywords- In this term paper we use some keyword Round Robin(RR), First Come First Serve (FCFS), Shortest Job First(SJF), Process Control Block (PCB), Shortest Time Remaining (SRT). INTRODUCTION Scheduling is a fundamental operating-system function. Whenever the CPU becomes idle, the operating system must select one of the processes in the ready queue to be executed. The selection process is carried out by the short-term scheduler. The scheduler selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to execute, and allocates the CPU to one of them. All processes in the ready queue are lined up waiting for a chance to run on the CPU. The records are generally the PCBs (Process Control Block) of the processes. Another important component involved in the CPU scheduling function is the dispatcher. The dispatcher is the module that gives control of the CPU to the processes selected by the short-term scheduler. This function involves: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Switching context à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Jumping to the proper location in the user program to restart that program. Our goal is to simulate the process scheduling algorithms to get a more accurate evaluation on how choice of a particular scheduling algorithm can effect CPU utilization and how a scheduler decides when processors should be assigned, and to which processes. Different CPU scheduling algorithms have different properties and may favour one class of processes over another. We have programmed a model of the computer system and implemented scheduling algorithms using Software data structures which represent the major components of the system which we have discussed in this section. 2. PROPOSAL When system has a choice of processes to execute, it must have a strategy -called a Process Scheduling Policy-for deciding which process to run at a given time .A scheduling policy should attempt to satisfy certain performance criteria, such as maximizing: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Throughput à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Latency à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Preventing Indefinite postponement of Process à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Maximizing Process Utilization It is the job of the scheduler or dispatcher to assign a processor to the selected process. In our project various Process Scheduling Algorithms that determine at runtime which process runs next .These algorithms decide when and for how long each process runs; they make choices about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Preemptibility à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Priorities à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Running time à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Time-to-Completion à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fairness We will be simulating these Scheduling Algorithms and comparing them against various parameters mentioned above. BACKGROUND What is Process :-A process is the locus of control of a procedure in execution that is manifested by the existence of a data structure called Process Control Block. Each process has its own address space, which typically consists of Text region, Data region and Stack region. The Text region stores the code that the processor executes. The Data region stores the variables and dynamically allocated memory that the process uses during execution. The Stack region stores instructions and local variables for active procedure calls. The contents of the Stack grow as the process issues nested procedure calls and shrink as procedures return. 4.WHAT IS PROCESSOR SCHEDULING? -When a system as a choice of processes to execute, it must have a strategy for deciding which process to run at a given time. This strategy is known as Processor Scheduling Policy. Different process scheduling algorithms have different properties and may favor one class of processes over another. In choosing which algorithm to use in a particular situation, we compare the following characteristics to compare the algorithms. CPU Utilization -We want to keep the CPU as busy as possible. It ranges from 0 to 100%. In real systems it ranges from 40% to 90%. For the purpose of this simulation we have assumed that CPU utilization is 100%. Throughput -The work done by the CPU is directly proportional to the CPU utilization. The number of processes completed per unit time, called throughput, is the measure of work done by the CPU. Algorithms should try to maximize the throughput. Turnaround time- The time interval from submission of job to the completion of job is termed as the turnaround time. It includes waiting time of the process and the service time of the process. Waiting time -The amount of time process spent waiting in the ready queue is termed as Waiting time. Any algorithm does not affect the service time of the process but does affect the waiting time of the process. Waiting time should be kept to the minimum. Response time The time interval from the submission of the process to the ready queue until the process receives the first response is known as Response time. Response time should always be kept minimum. Besides the above features, a scheduling algorithm must also have the following properties: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fairness à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Predictability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Scalability 5. SIMULATION- In our simulation the ready queue has been programmed to serve the processes in the First in First out, Round Robin, Shortest Process first, Highest Response Ration Next and also Shortest Remaining time. The simulator has a variable representing a clock; as this variables value is increased, the simulator modifies the system state to reflect the activities of the devices, the processes, and the scheduler. Our system has a function called Process Ready which checks which processes are ready to enter the system depending on the current clock. Preemption is performed based on the current clock. If the next process in the ready queue should get the CPU the current process is pushed into the queue and the next process, based on how the priority of the processes is calculated in ready queue, is taken and given the CPU time. We call this in real systems as context switch .We will be providing this overhead a simple variable which we fill add to a process when it is preempted. The scheduler is an abstract class in which we have defined the basic components which are needed by the scheduler like ready queue .FIFO, RR, SPF, SRT and HRRN are the classes which extend this scheduler class and implement the ready queue based on specific scheduler. The data that we are using to drive the simulation is generated using a random-number generator. The generator is programmed to generate processes, CPU-burst times, Arrivals and Finish time. The process PCB in our simulation consists of following attributes: Process Id Process ServiceTime Process ArrivalTime Process FinishTime Process ResponseTime The same set of processes is feed into the scheduling algorithm to evaluate the algorithms effect on the processes and CPU. These are initialized for all the processes that we randomly generate .Once the process gets the CPU its service time gets updated and if the simulation performs a context switch which preempts the current running process and puts it at the back of the ready queue i.e. we save the PCB of the process. After this the first process in the ready queue is given the block .In the end the system outputs the Arrival Time, Service Time, Turn around Time, Waiting Time and Response Time for each process executed by the system. The output formats, the input and the Analysis using this simulation model are shown in the sections that follow: A simple Class Diagrame :- 6. SCHEDULING ALGORITHM A scheduling algorithm is the method by which threads, processes or data flows are given access to system resources (e.g. processor time, communications bandwidth). This is usually done to load balance a system effectively or achieve a target quality of service. The need for a scheduling algorithm arises from the requirement for most modern systems to perform multitasking (execute more than one process at a time) and multiplexing (transmit multiple flows simultaneously) Type of Scheduling algorithm Scheduling algorithm :- First Come First Serve (FCFS) Round Robin Shortest Job First Shortest Remaining Time Highest Response Ratio Next (HRRN) Fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling FIRST COME FIRST SERVE (FCFS) :- CPU scheduling deals with the problem of deciding which of the processes in the ready queue is to be allocated the CPU. There are many different CPU scheduling algorithms. By far the simplest CPU-scheduling algorithm is the first-come, first-served (FCFS) scheduling algorithm. With this scheme, the process that requests the CPU first is allocated the CPU first. The implementation of the FCFS policy is easily managed with a FIFO queue. When a process enters the ready queue, its PCB is linked onto the tail of the queue. When the CPU is free, it is allocated to the process at the head of the queue. The running process is then removed from the queue. The code for FCFS scheduling is simple to write and understand. The average waiting time under the FCFS policy, however, is often quite long. C- programming for this scheduling algorithm is given below. I only present the main part of the programme. /* Programme for FCFS*/ #include #include //Library for clearing the screen using namespace std; int cont, ctr; class FCFS{ //Class used for the simulation public: //public elements of the class void input(); void gantt(); protected: //protected elements of the class float wt, bt, arr, bt2; float awt; }; int main(){ //main function FCFS IT2B; cout cin>>ctr; if(ctr>=3ctr system(cls); IT2B.input(); //invocation }else{ cout cout cin>>cont; system(cls); main(); } return 0; } void FCFS::input() //input() function of class FCFS { wt=0; bt2=0; cout for(arr=1;arr cout>bt; cout bt2=bt+bt2; wt=bt2+wt; } awt=(wt-bt2)/ctr; cout cout cin>>cont; } /*void FCFS::gantt() { */ Limitations: In FCFS, average waiting time is quite longer. If we have a processor bound job (generally with longer service time) and other I/O bound jobs. And if, processor bound job is allocated the processor time, then it will hold the CPU. As a result, other I/O bound jobs will keep waiting in the ready queue and the I/O devices will remain idle. Like in the test cases we observed, process P3 despite having a very short service time had to wait for long till all the processes ahead of it ran to completion. Average Turn around Time: 12 Average Waiting Time: 7.2 Average Response Time: 7.2 6.2. ROUND ROBIN The round-robin (RR) scheduling algorithm is designed especially for time-sharing systems. It is similar to FCFS scheduling, but preemption is added to switch between processes. A small unit of time, called a time quantum or time slice, is defined. A time quantum is generally from 10 to 100 milliseconds. The ready queue is treated as a circular queue. The CPU scheduler goes around the ready queue, allocating the CPU to each process for a time interval of up to l time quantum. To implement RR scheduling, we keep the ready queue as a FIFO queue of processes. New processes are added to the tail of the ready queue. The CPU scheduler picks the first process from the ready queue, sets a timer to interrupt after l time quantum, and dispatches the process . C- programming for this scheduling algorithm is given below. I only present the main part of the programme. /* Programme for ROUND ROBIN*/ for(i=0;j { if(r[i]>0sp>=a[i]) { f=true; if(r[i] time=r[i]; else time=q; //schedule the process t[i]+=time,r[i]=time,order.push_back(i+1); if(r[i]==0) j++; for(k=0;k if(r[k]!=0k!=ia[k] if(!(a[k] w[k]+=sp+time-a[k],t[i]+=sp+timea[k]; else w[k]+=time,t[k]+=time; sp+=time; continue; } if(i==n-1) { if(!f) { int it; int diff=0; for(it=0;it if(sp { if(diff==0) diff=a[it]-sp; else if(diff>a[it]-sp) diff=a[it]sp; } sp+=diff; } f=false; } } OUTPUT:- Advantages:-Round Robin algorithm exhibits fairness. All the processes are treated equally and are given equal processor time. As compared to FCFS, the average waiting time is considerably reduced in Round Robin algorithm. Limitations: The performance of the system implementing Round Robin mainly depends upon the value of the quantum. If we set the quantum to very high value, then it will proceed as the FCFS. As a result the system performance will be sluggish. If we keep the quantum value low, more overhead will be produced because of frequent context switch .Round Robin with low quantum is generally suitable for the interactive system. However, to determine the optimal quantum time is a tedious task 6.3.SHORTEST JOB FIRST A different approach to CPU scheduling is the shortest-job-first (SJF) scheduling algorithm. This algorithm associates with each process the length of the processs next CPU burst. When the CPU is available, it is assigned to the process that has the smallest next CPU burst. If the next CPU bursts of two processes are the same, FCFS scheduling is used to break the tie. Note that a more appropriate term for this scheduling method would be the shortest-next-CPU-burst algorithm, because scheduling depends on the length of the next CPU burst of a process, rather than its total length. The SJF algorithm is a special case of the general priority scheduling algorithm. A priority is associated with each process, and the CPU is allocated to the process with the highest priority. Equal-priority processes are scheduled in FCFS order. An SJF algorithm is simply a priority algorithm where the priority (p) is the inverse of the (predicted) next CPU burst. The larger the CPU burst, the lower the pri ority, and vice versa. C- programming for this scheduling algorithm is given below. I only present the main part of the programme. /* Programme for SJF*/ #include #include #include void main() { char p[10][5],temp[5]; int tot=0,wt[10],pt[10],i,j,n,temp1; float avg=0; clrscr(); printf(enter no of processes:); scanf(%d,n); for(i=0;i { printf(enter process%d name:n,i+1); scanf(%s,p[i]); printf(enter process time); scanf(%d,pt[i]); } for(i=0;i { for(j=i+1;j { if(pt[i]>pt[j]) { temp1=pt[i]; pt[i]=pt[j]; pt[j]=temp1; strcpy(temp,p[i]); strcpy(p[i],p[j]); strcpy(p[j],temp); } } } wt[0]=0; for(i=1;i { wt[i]=wt[i-1]+et[i-1]; tot=tot+wt[i]; } avg=(float)tot/n; printf(p_namet P_timet w_timen); for(i=0;i printf(%st%dt%dn,p[i],et[i],wt[i]); printf(total waiting time=%dn avg waiting time=%f,tot,avg); getch(); } Output : Advantages: Shorter processes are given preference. If the ready queue contains Processor bound processes and some I/O bound processes, then the I/O bound will be given more preference. As a result the system throughput increases. Average waiting time of the processes decreases. Like in the test case, the process P3 waited for only 6 seconds compared to 10 seconds in RR and 16 seconds in FCFS. 6.4 .SHORTEST REMAINING TIME (SRT) This is the preemptive algorithm which acts on the principles of SPF. It gives preference to the processes with the smaller service time. If a process is using the process and in the mean time a new process arrives whose service time is less than the currently running, then it preempts the currently running process and gives processor control to the new process. This algorithm is no longer useful in todays operating systems. Advantages: It offers the minimum waiting time for the processes. Like the process P3, waited for 6 seconds before getting the processor time. Though this waiting time is equal to that in SPF. But being a preemptive algorithm, SRT scores over SPF by providing even lesser waiting time than the former. Average Turn around Time: 11 Average Waiting Time: 6.4 Average Response Time: 6 6.5 HIGHEST RESPONSE RATIO NEXT This algorithm corrects some of the weakness of the SPF. The SPF algorithm is biased towards the processes with short service time. This keeps the longer processes waiting in the ready queue for the longer time, despite of arriving in the ready queue before the short jobs. It is a non-preemptive scheduling algorithm in which the priority is the function of not only the service time but also of the time spent by the process waiting in the ready queue. Once the process obtains the control of the processor, it completes to completion. The priority is calculated by the formula Priority = (Waiting Time + Service Time)/Service Time In this algorithm too, short processes receive preference. But longer processes that have been waiting in the ready queue are also given the favorable treatment. 7.GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION Turnaround Time Comparison Waiting time comparison Responce time comparison 8.CONCLUSION From the analysis of the algorithms, we have come up with the conclusion that RR has the best average response time and being the preemptive algorithm, it exhibits fairness. But however, performance of the RR algorithm depends heavily on the size of the quantum. On the one extreme is the time quantum is very large, RR algorithm is same as FCFS policy. But if the time quantum is fairly small, the RR will exhibit fairness but a considerable overhead gets added to the turnaround time due frequent context switch. This fact becomes clear from the RR average turnaround time reading is highest as compared to other algorithms. Hence we observed if majority of the processes are less then the time quantum, the RR will give better response time. Further, SPF has the least average turnaround time and average waiting time as compared to other algorithms. This shows that SPF is provably optimal, in that it gives the minimum average time in the set of processes by moving the short process before a long one. The waiting time of short process decreases more than the waiting time of the long process. Consequently the waiting time decreases. But this algorithm can only be used for systems which are interactive and thereby is biased to short processes and unfavorable to longer ones which may lead to indefinite postponement of longer processes. HRRN has approximately same average turnaround, waiting and response time. It overcomes the limitation of the SPF by giving favorable treatment to the processes waiting for a longer time, and thereby prevents indefinite postponement. SRT exhibits approximately same average response time, waiting time and turnaround time, and may seem to be an effective algorithm for interactive processes if the tasks performed before issuing I/O are short in duration. However, SRT determines priority based on the run time to completion, not the run time to I/O. Some interactive processes such as shell executes for the life time of the session, which would place the shell at the lowest priority level.

Losing Touch with the Symbolic Order in Buffy the Vampire Slayer Essay

Losing Touch with the Symbolic Order in Buffy the Vampire Slayer      Ã‚   In the Buffy the Vampire Slayer episode "The Body," the audience is forced to face the Real every time the director makes a shock cut to Joyce's dead body after each commercial break. Joyce's body reminds viewers of the materiality of the human condition as we see her zipped into a body bag, then examined by a mortician, and finally covered with a white sheet. By exposing viewers to Joyce's body, the creators of Buffy are treating the audience as another member of the Buffy diegesis. Like Buffy, Dawn, and Giles, we recognize the Real because the camera constantly returns us to the physical presence of her corpse. We understand how Buffy experiences the abject because we, too, experience the shock of seeing Joyce's dead body. One question that remains, however, is how do people deal with the abject when they know there is death but do not see the corpse. In "The Body," there is a sequence that explores this question. It is a scene where we see Buffy's closest fri ends deal with the loss of a mother figure, without seeing her corpse. Because they are not exposed the body, they try to hang on to the symbolic order through language and action. However, the abject is always present in their minds. Willow faces what Julia Kristeva calls a narcissistic crisis as she struggles to appear as a collected, supportive figure for Buffy. Xander practices transference as he looks for someone to blame for Joyce's death. Anya experiences her own breakdown of reality as she recognizes her own mortality. Through language and action, these characters try to cover their own fears of the Real without success.    Like many of the other scenes in this e... ...d language; however, the Real and the abject cannot be repressed. Willow gives into the abject by crying out against Anya's tactlessness. Xander faces the abject by looking down at his bloody hand and realizing there is nothing left to blame. Anya recognizes her own mortality by comparing Joyce's physical condition with her own. For these characters, the loss of Joyce, a mother figure, causes them to realize their own human condition. Symbolic order and language, at times, fails because thinking about Joyce's death forces the Real to permeate in their minds. The desire to hold on to the symbolic order remains, however, in order to help them get through the loss of their loved one and to continue living.    Sources Kristeva, Julia. Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection. Trans. Leon S. Roudiez. New York: Columbia UP. 1982.            

Rape in Romanesque Art Essay -- Art

The Rape of Ganymede capital in San Madeleine in Và ©zelay is a depiction of the story of the rape or abduction of Ganymede. On its front face the capital features an eagle holding the young shepherd boy, Ganymede, in its mouth. Ganymede is being held upside down helplessly with a look of terror on his face. On the left are two adults holding their heads and staring helplessly at the eagle taking the boy. On the right side is a demon looking out at the viewer sticking its tongue out in happiness, as if to taunt us. In the eagle’s talons is a dog, which looks like a hyena, baring its teeth. The capital depicts a story from Aeniad, where Jupiter becomes infatuated with the handsome shepherd boy, Ganymede, and according to his version of the story, sends an eagle down to abduct the boy. Ganymede then serves as Jupiter’s cupbearer, and this evokes jealousy from Juno, thus incurring her wrath which is supposedly one of the factors that begins the Trojan War. Virgil’s version of the story is similar, but includes the visual element of the barking dog and the guardians on the side, unable to aid the boy. Both story versions come from Antiquity. As I began analyzing this capital, it took me a while to get a grasp on what was going on. There is a lot of content crammed into a small space on this capital. All the figures are oversized and in extremely close proximity to one another. I noticed the caricature-like portrayal of the figures. This seems to be the case in all the capitals at Và ©zelay. I was particularly interested in the facial expressions. The face of Ganymede is filled with dear and confusion as he hangs upside down. The dog looks frightening and angry, but it is unclear to me if he is sided with Jupiter’s eagle or if he is... ... Meaning on a Capital Representing the Fall of Man.† Tradito 55 (2000): 105-123. Forsyth, Ilene H. â€Å"The Ganymede Capital at Và ©zelay.† Gesta 15, No. 1/2. Essays in Honor of Sumner McKnight Crosby. (1976): 241-246. Kolve, V. A. â€Å"Ganymede/Son of Getron: Medieval Monasticism and the Drama of Same-Sex Desire.† Speculum 73, No. 4 (1998): 1014-1067. Mills, Robert. â€Å"Gender, Sodomy, Friendship, and the Medieval Anchorhold.† Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures 36, No. 1 (2010): 1-27. Quinn, Patricia A. Better Than the Sons of Kings: Boys and Monks in the Early Middle Ages. (New York, 1988) Van Buren, Anne H. Review of Ganymed: Studien zur Typologie, Ikonographie und Ikonologie by Gerda Kempter. Speculum 57, No. 3 (1982): 624-625. Wolfthal, Diane. â€Å" ‘A Hue and a Cry’: Medieval Rape Imagery and Its Transformation.† The Art Bulletin 75, No. 1 (1993): 39-64.

tweak settings :: essays research papers

CDI2Nero 0.9 beta7 - (C) 2001 by DeXT http://cdirip.cjb.net *** WARNING! This is beta software. It has not been fully tested and may *** contain bugs. Use it at you own risk. *** This tool must not be used to duplicate copyright-protected content. *** The author will not be responsible for its improper usage. Purpose ------- This little tool will convert a CDI (DiscJuggler) image to NRG (Nero) format. Both CDI 2.0 and 3.0 image versions are supported. It currently has support for: - CD-ROM/XA type CDs - Mode 2 and Audio tracks - Single session and Multisession images It lacks support for: - Audio-only CDs (TAO only) - Mode 1 data tracks These will be added soon. Usage ----- Usage is very simple, just double-clic the executable file and an Open File dialog will appear, select your source CDI image to convert and press OK. A Save File dialog will then appear on the same path as source image. Write the desired name for the destination NRG image (you don't need to write any extension) and press OK. Default name is "image.nrg". You can also use it from command-line. Syntax is: cdi2nero image.cdi [image.nrg] For command-line usage, if you don't specify a destination filename, the source image filename will be used but with NRG extension. Burning ------- Once converted you can burn the newly created image. If a DAO warning message appears, you should select Yes (although this depends on burner, I think). This will only appear on Multisession images. Notes ----- This is a unified DAO/TAO version, unlike previous ones, where you can select NRG image type when saving. DAO images are most standard ones, and is the only format that Nero itself is able to generate. TAO images are special ones, which lacks a cuesheet, and track positions are managed by the burner itself. Nero is not capable of generating these. On most burners, these images will be burned in "Track at Once" mode (hence the name) instead of default DAO. A general note is to burn in DAO (default) mode and if something fails, try TAO instead. But note that if your burner doesn't support "short" tracks (i.e. those below 302 sectors) you still will get errors when trying to burn such images. These errors are usually "cannot write track at correct position", or seeing CD-Extra discs as Audio-only (i.e. no data track). Below is a list of tested burners, reported by users, which get successful or failed in burning process: Success: Acer CRW 6206A BTC BCE-432IE Gateway 8x4x32 HP CD-Writer 7100i HP CD-Writer 7200e HP CD-Writer 8100i HP CD-Writer 9310i Iomega Zip CD 650 Iomega Zip CD USB (DAO only) Memorex CRW-1622 (DAO only) Mitsumi 4801TE OTI-975 Socrates Philips CDD3610 Philips CDD3801 Philips CDD4201 Philips PCRW404K Teac CD-R56S

Black People and Prejudice Essay

â€Å"Ahhhhhhhh! † I squealed and jumped for joy the moment I dropped the phone. I hurrily scurried over to my mom to share the news. â€Å"Mommy, I got my first job! † This was the stepping stone to me being an independent young woman. I was officially employed at Hollister Co. as a sales model. I was ecstatic and excited to make some money at the tender age of 15. My first week was definitely a learning experience; from learning how to maintain a cash registrar to folding tons of polos and jeans. Soon through this journey, it started to become bittersweet. With three months of being employed, my shifts were diminishing from 4 shifts a week to 1 shift a week. As I looked at the schedule postings for the week, I noticed a trend with the scheduling of the shifts. Ironically, most of the employees that were working more hours and more shifts were white females. I figured it might have something to do with the fact that my supervisor is a white surfer-boy who is infatuated with beach-blonde beauties. However that did not stop me from asking him to put me on the schedule more. Sadly, I resent the day I had asked him. Unfortunately, he felt that I didn’t have the â€Å"natural beachy look† that Hollister Co. was trying to perceive. I am of Malaysian decent and have tan skin color. Hearing that definitely bruised my ego and made me self-conscious about my appearance. I felt this was a tactic for me to quit, and so I did. Over the months I begin to realize that ultimately there will be people in the world that have a perspective of life that I cannot seem to change. I had realized that this was not my fault; it was his own personal judgment that led him to think that. I was treated this way because of how I looked not on who I am. Many people have tried to explain the reasoning of why people are prejudiced and discriminate against one another. Two readings that are eye-openers about prejudice are â€Å"Causes of Prejudice† and â€Å"C. P. Ellis. † In the essay, â€Å"Causes of Prejudice,† the author Vincent N. Parrillo explains the reasons for racism and discrimination in the United States. Which brings us to Studs Terkel’s essay â€Å"C. P. Ellis,† he tells us the story of C. P. Ellis, a former Klansmen who claims he is no longer racist. With Parrillo’s essay, we will analyze what caused C. P. Ellis to be prejudice and how he changed. Parrillo’s Causes of Prejudice outlines reasons how and why prejudice exists in today’s society. Parrillo first starts out telling us that prejudice is the rejection of a member of a certain culture, and that ethnocentrism is a rejection of all culture as a whole. He then states that there are four areas of study to consider when dealing with prejudice; levels of prejudice, self-justification, personality, and frustration. This theory is ideal to the root of why and where prejudice starts. He explains that the first level of prejudice is the cognitive level of prejudice. This is a person’s beliefs of a culture. The second level is the emotional level of prejudice. This level includes what kind of emotional response a culture has on a person. These emotions for example can be that of hate, love, fear, etc†¦ The final level, explains Parrillo, is the action oriented level. This is the desire to physically act upon their prejudice feelings toward the person or culture. As stated in the text, â€Å"The emotional level of prejudice encompasses the feelings that a minority group arouses in an individual. Although these feelings may be based on stereotypes from the cognitive level they represent more intense stages of personal involvement† (Parrillo 386). His statement holds true. In the sense of economic competition prejudice occurs frequently. We need to realize that jealousy is an important factor of prejudice. There would still be competitions, hatred, and stereotyping. It is just in our human nature. The story of C. P Ellis begins as he discusses his life as being a white male from a low-income class. His frustrations and misfortunes lead him to become a member of the Ku Klux Klan. His father always told Ellis to stay away from blacks, Jews, and Catholics’ and he obeyed his father’s wishes. In a sense, it seemed as if Ellis truly admired his father. At 17 years old, his father soon passed away and Ellis was forced to work to tend to his family. Ellis discusses his frustrations on having to make ends meet with four children, the eldest being mentally challenged and the struggles he has to endure to make it happen. Ellis begins to blame the black people for his tragedy and his misfortune of not being able to have sufficient funds. In relevance to Parrillo’s essay, he explains that â€Å"frustrations tend to increase aggression toward others† (Parrillo 393). This ties into the anger that Ellis began to direct it towards as he stated, â€Å"I didn’t know who to blame. I tried to find somebody. I began to blame it on black people. I had to hate somebody† (Terkel 400). Ellis believed that blaming others rather than himself was the best way to get over his frustrations. We are then exploited to the self esteem Ellis had and his state of mind when starting his racist rampage. To begin with, Ellis shows throughout the essay that he is weak minded and has very low self-esteem. Ellis states, â€Å"The majority of ‘em are low income whites, people who really don’t have a part in something. They have been shut out as well as the blacks†¦ So the natural person to hate would the black person† (Terkel 401). Ellis started to hate the fact that he was poor and turned to the KKK. He felt the KKK opened opportunities he could achieve because of the stability and members of the group. Parrillo states that â€Å"self-justification† is lead to believe the main cause of prejudice. He states â€Å"a person may avoid social contact with groups deemed inferior and associate only with those identified as being of high status† (Parrillo 387). We can identify the behaviors and personality Ellis displays is relevant to the same behaviors and personality of his father. Throughout the story, Ellis directed his hatred towards blacks just like his father did. Ellis states â€Å"The natural person for me to hate would be black people, because my father before me was a member of the Klan. As far as he was concerned, it was the savior of the white people† (Terkel 400). We can recognize that his racist ways came from his father who told him what to believe. We can identify this as the â€Å"socialization† factor of prejudice. When one is taught something which they live by all their life they begin to play a role just as the one who taught them those ways. Parrillo elaborates, â€Å"We thus learn the prejudices of our parents and others, which then become part of our values and beliefs. Even when based on false stereotypes, prejudices shape our perceptions of various peoples and influence our attitudes and actions toward particular groups† (Parrillo 394). We can make the connection that Ellis’s father was racist he gained his father’s characteristics as well as his beliefs. This also ties in when he begins to blame black people because he was taught they were the cause of the economic problems he was facing. Ellis states â€Å"If we didn’t have niggers in the schools, we wouldn’t have the problems we got today† (Terkel 402). Here he did not truly experience what he believed but he was told this and began to live by it, which was passed down by his father. Over the time, Ellis and his views about the blacks changed altogether. In the end, Ellis has an epiphany once he realized how much in common he really had with blacks. He soon began to realize that black people were just as normal and looking for the same thing in life. He tells us what he realized later in his life â€Å"As long as they kept low-income whites and low-income blacks fightin’, they’re gonna maintain control† (Terkel 403). The revelation is going to change his life. He refers to they as being the politicians and government. He began to have his own mind set and realize that all are alike and should not be treated differently. Some white people had just as low incomes as some black people, which led him to realize that they were all at the same level. There is no explanation as to why Ellis really decided to all of a sudden change his views. We can relate this to Parrillo’s statement, â€Å"Although socialization explains how prejudicial attitudes may be transmitted from one generation to the next, it does not explain their origin or why they intensify or diminish over the years† (Terkel 394). In conclusion, both Parrillo’s essay and Ellis’s story go hand in hand in showing us the real reason why prejudice and racism still exists today. Vincent Parrillo exemplifies valid points and key notions on why cause a person to be prejudice and racist. C. P Ellis provides an insightful eye and truly gives us hope that maybe people will change their views over the years. Both showed us that prejudice is a prime factor in this society and this is because everyone was born and raised differently. Everyone has their own beliefs and ideas. Value, attitudes, beliefs and culture all are targets of prejudice. Regardless of anything, we will never be able to change that. People just try to persevere to the stereotyping and criticizing of other races and their own. Works Cited Parrillo, Vincent N. â€Å"‘Causes of Prejudice. † Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2010. 384-398. Terkel, Studs. â€Å"C. P Ellis. † Rereading America: Cultural Contexts for Critical Thinking and Writing. Ed. Gary Colombo, Robert Cullen, and Bonnie Lisle. 8th ed. Boston: Bedford St. Martin’s, 2010. 398-408. Self-Editing Checklist: 1. Do you have a sufficient number of quoted passages from theoretical essay you have chosen and have you commented sufficiently on each? List the page numbers of the passages below. Page 386 Page 387 Page 393 Page 394 2. Do you have a sufficient number of quoted passages from personal essay you have chosen and have you commented sufficiently on each? List the page numbers of the passages below. Page 400 Page 401 Page 402 Page 403 3. Explain the order in which you chose to make your points via the passages you quoted. Studs Terkel then Vincent Parrillo? Page 386 ? Page 393 ? Page 400 ? Page 401 ? Page 387 ? Page 400 ? Page 394 ? Page 402 ? Page 403 ? Page 394 4. Name three writing errors you are likely to make in your prose and check the rough draft for these. Use the OWL website if necessary to look for examples of how to address these problems. List the likely errors below. Alternating long and short sentences. 5. Read your final draft of the essay aloud so that you do not allow your eyes you’re your brain to self-correct the errors in your essay. List the kinds of errors you found below. Spelling, grammar, punctuation.

Arthur Dimmesdale’s Guilt and Hypocrisy Essay

In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s gripping tale, The Scarlet Letter, a revered Puritan minister suffers from cowardly guilt and hypocrisy after he commits adultery in this novel staged in the seventeenth century. Arthur Dimmesdale, who hides himself in the shame of his lover, Hester Prynne, protects his reputation among the Puritan people. The scaffold, a public symbol of disgrace, contrasts with the pastor’s silent sin of adultery. When Hester became a symbol of sin among the people and wore the scarlet letter as punishment, Dimmesdale bears a sinner’s masked mark in his heart. As a result of his concealed sin, Dimmesdale suffers from guilt and hypocrisy. Over the course of the three scaffold scenes, Dimmesdale changes from cowardly guilt and hypocrisy, to desperate guilt and hypocrisy, and finally to repentant hope. In the first scaffold scene, Dimmesdale is aware of his guilt and hypocrisy when he questions his lover, Hester Prynne, but is too cowardly to confess his sin. Questioning the adulteress from a balcony alongside the spiritual and political leaders of the Puritan colony, the author, Nathaniel Hawthorne, correlates Dimmesdale’s elevated position among the Puritan colony and shows Dimmesdale’s reputation at stake. Placing pressure on the young woman, Dimmesdale pleads, â€Å"Be not silent from any mistaken pity and tenderness for him; for believe me, Hester, though he were to step down from a high place and stand there beside thee, on thy pedestal of shame, yet better were it so, than to hide a guilty heart through life.†1 Wordlessly relieved by her silence, Dimmesdale cowardly withheld his sin from the public. The significance of Dimmesdale’s cowardice parallels with the shame and fear of the scaffold and the mockery it brings. Seven years later, in the second scaffold scene, Dimmesdale is desperate to confess because his guilt and hypocrisy have only increased, but he manages only a cowardly private rehearsal of his confession. In the still of the night, Dimmesdale desperately climbed the scaffold and shrieked aloud, â€Å"It is done!†2 It was not so. Shrieking aloud like those suffering souls who turn away from the face of God, Dimmesdale felt little relief from the iron chains of guilt and hypocrisy. Longing to free his guilty soul, Dimmesdale stood on the scaffold imagining Hester’s disgrace. Illustrating his inner conflicts, Dimmesdale had expressed himself by screaming aloud. Immediate horror encompassed him because he is afraid of being discovered by the town. Alone in the abyss of darkness, upon the pedestal of shame, Dimmesdale found little relief in his priv ate confession in the second scaffold scene. Finally, a few days later, Dimmesdale confesses his sin publicly in the third scaffold scene, showing his repentance and thereby finding relief from guilt and hypocrisy. Allowing his sin to fester in his heart for over seven years, Dimmesdale, now a dying man from sin, decided to ascend the scaffold. Dimmesdale, understanding that he, a dying man, sought mercy and forgiveness, and climbed the pedestal in guilty remorse. â€Å"Ye that have loved me!—ye, that have deemed me holy!—behold me here, the one sinner of the world! At last I stand upon the spot where seven years since, I should have stood!†3 Beckoning Hester and their child, Pearl, to his side, Dimmesdale’s voice strengthened. As he confesses, the people recognized Dimmesdale bore the same stigma that marked Hester. Dimmesdale asks for forgiveness, therefore completing his necessary duty to receive the benefit of redeeming grace and hope and releasing himself from the devil’s clutches. A dramatic character, Dimmesdale changes through the course of three scaffold scenes as a result of his hidden sins. Arthur Dimmesdale acknowledges his sin in the last scaffold scene as he realizes his cowardice when Hester is punished and acknowledges his sufferings caused by his hidden sins seven years later. Driven by the realization that his offences dictate his life, Dimmesdale’s sins choked him from a deeper spiritual life. At first without success, Arthur Dimmesdale tried to free himself, but doesn’t do so until the third scaffold scene when he finally confesses. In conclusion, Nathaniel Hawthorne, the author of The Scarlet Letter, reminds the reader to be wary of cowardly guilt and hypocrisy as demonstrated in Arthur Dimmesdale’s character: â€Å"Be true! Be true! Be true! Show freely to the world, if not your worst, yet some trait whereby the worst may be inferred.†4 Free of guilt and hypocrisy in his public confession, Dimmesdale died in hope of God’s mercy. 1-4 Nathaniel Hawthorne, the Scarlet Letter (Dover Thrift Study Edition: The Complete Work + Comprehensive Study Guide: Copyright 2009 by Dover Publications) p. 47, p. 102, p. 127, p. 174 Copyright 2013. All Rights Reserved. This work belongs to Ashlyn R. Thomas and may not be reproduced without consent. If found plagiarizing and/or using this work, you will be prosecuted. This is only to be used as inspiration, and not taken as someone else’s own work.

The Level of Disaster Preparedness of Pangasinan State University

THE LEVEL OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS OF PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS, LINGAYEN CAMPUS S. Y. 2012-2013 A Research Paper Presented to Dr. Lorna G. Urbiztondo In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Course ProfEd 117 (Introduction to Research) By: Ryan S. Oris March 2013 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would to express my sincerest appreciation and gratitude to the people behind the success of this undertaking: * To Dr. Lorna G. Urbiztondo, Research Adviser for her very supportive and professional guidance and assistance; * To the Staff of PSU Library, for allowing me to borrow undergraduate thesis; * To Mrs.Helen Braga Mabanta, registrar of PSU Lingayen Campus for giving me the total population of enrolled students in this university; * Most of all I would like thank my families, friends and classmates for their inspiration and understanding; * And finally the Eternal and Gracious God, for answering and providing the needed intellect, strength, spiritual guidance in the completion o f this study. Phenomenal things happened because of this people. I wish that all blessings and love be showered upon them. Chapter 1 The Problem and It’s BackgroundI. Introduction Preparedness in time of disasters known to be critical for households, communities and businesses but many people remains unprepared. Mindanao’s are blown in the wind, deaths in flashfloods. A shocking news that Typhoon Pablo’ pounds Mindanao last December 2012. It was approximated that this typhoon killed nearly 2,000 people and wiped out their livelihood and also residential areas. More than 90 percent of infrastructures are destroyed in Compostela Valley, Davao Oriental and parts of the Agusan provinces (Inquirer News).This disaster serves to emphasize the significance of the responsibility of individual, local coordination and effective plans to ensure the capacity to respond and cope from major unexpected events. Natural or man-made disaster may come in many forms, anytime, anywhe re without advance notice. If we caught unprepared, it causes damage and devastation it brings to lives and properties. Disaster may strike in any place whether at home, in school, in church, in market, in the workplace or in the streets.Furthermore, students are one of affected in case of these disasters- one reason why government promotes enhancing skills and knowledge as a major instrument to cope with any eventuality that might come in life. As government’s prime duty is to avert and safeguard people from incoming disaster and other forms of catastrophe (CWTS Coursebook, 2009). In school or community, there are volunteer groups; training service and programs promoting the effective and appropriate measures in order to abate dangers.This research assesses the end result of training services and programs to students. The purpose of this research is to examine the current disaster preparedness level of campus students at Pangasinan State University, Lingayen Campus in order to explore strength and weaknesses to be used in future campus disaster preparedness plans. If the University already aware with this knowledge, the university will be able to more effective plan, develop, and implement procedures in order to move in an efficient manner to preserve life and property in the event of a disaster on campus.This descriptive research used a quantitative survey to assess the following research questions: What is the profile of the PSU- Lingayen Campus students in terms of age, sex and civil status? What is the level of preparedness in terms of natural and man-made disasters? What are the problems encountered by the respondents in the preparedness of disasters in terms natural and man-made disasters? This research used questionnaires to explore the status of their preparedness for a disaster. Significance of the Study The output of this research is deemed significant to the following: * The Students.They will able to know the level of disaster preparedness of Pangasinan State University students. They will be more active in training services and programs concerning to disaster preparedness. * The Teachers. This study will give a feedback to the teachers on teaching disaster preparedness especially to NSTP (National Service Training Program) teachers. * The University Administration. This study will make the university aware on the level of disaster preparedness of the students and will help them coin appropriate programs to cope with the necessity of the students. The Future Researchers. Result of this study would be beneficial as a basis for further studies related to this research and to be inspired to conduct more extensive and substantial study about level of disaster preparedness in bigger area. Scope and Delimitation This study primarily focused on the level of disaster preparedness of students. According to the registrar office of Pangasinan State University Lingayen Campus, there are 6,447 students who are enrolled in this uni versity. From the total population, there are 1,793 freshmen, 1,642 sophomores, 1,584 juniors and 1,428 seniors.It only covers the 10% of the total population. It was conducted during the second semester of S. Y. 20012-2013. Statement of the Problem This study aimed to determine the level of disaster preparedness of Pangasinan State University students, Lingayen Campus S. Y. 2012-2013. Specifically, it sought to answer the following sub-problems: 1. What is the profile of the PSU- Lingayen Campus students in terms of the following variables: a. Sex b. Age c. Section d. Civil Status? 2. What is the level of preparedness in terms of: a. Natural disasters . Man-made disasters? 3. What are the problems encountered by the respondents in the preparedness of disasters? Definition of Terms The study used some terms which the researchers defined for clearer understanding. The following terms are defined operationally: 1) Disaster. It refers to a natural or man-made hazard resulting disturban ces and disruption of social and economic aspects, loss of life, and drastic change of environment may happen. It has great effects to Pangasinan State University students, Lingayen Campus. 2) Disaster preparedness.It refers to PSU-LC student’s ability to respond and recover in the event of a disaster. It encompasses measures aimed at intensifying life safety when an emergency occur. 3) Level of disaster preparedness. It refers to the level of readiness or preparation for disaster of the PSU-LC students. 4) Natural disasters. These are disasters that brought by nature. 5) Man- made disaster. These are synthetic disasters that brought by man. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter presents the related literature review and studies which served as springboard in the conceptualization of this study.They are reviewed hereunder to show that these studies are consistent with the present concerns of this research. RELATED LITERATURE A. Foreign Disaster may s trike anytime, anywhere resulting to great loss and misfortune. Disasters have two kinds, the natural and man-made disasters. Natural and man-made disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, plane crashes, high-rise building collapses, or major nuclear facility malfunctions, pose an ever-present danger challenge to public emergency services. According to The CDC (2007) the leading cause of death in the typical college age population is the unintentional injuries.Annually, more than 30,000 deaths occur from unintentional injuries for those between the ages 15 and 35 (CDC, 2007). According to the reports, homicide and suicide are the next two most frequent causes of deaths in age group. From the reports of the U. S Census Bureau (2008), in 2006 with 17. 1 million undergraduate and 3. 4 million graduate students there are more than 20 million college students in the United States. This represents an increase in students by 3 million, or 17 percent, from the 2000 census information.As state d by Aker (2007), colleges represent a significant target hazard for the communities that they serve with potential for staggering amounts of loss of life, economic resources, and future potential if an incident on campus was to occur. Gaull (1997) stated that the prevention of a dangerous occurrence is known as the most practical way to save life from an unintentional injury. In fire prevention practices since the days of Benjamin Franklin, the American fire service has participated. From one of his newspaper articles, Mr.Franklin quotes â€Å"an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure†, actually was referring to the common hazard of carrying smoldering embers or coals through the home. The release of the America Burning Report in 1973, from the National Commission on Fire Prevention and Control, was the formal declaration to the seriousness of the fire problem in America (EACRR, 2009). NFPA (2011) reports that from 1977 to 2006 that the fire rate in America dropped fro m 3. 2 million fires to approximately 1. 6 million. Though that represents almost a 50% drop in fires, the firesafety. ov (2011) reports an increase in the number of campus related fire deaths. Since January 2000, 135 college students have been reported to be killed in fires (firesafty. gov, 2011). The H1N1 flu epidemic serves as a great example of new and emerging risk that can quickly have a significant impact on a college. From August to the end of September 2009, campuses had reported 13,434 cases of H1N1 and two student deaths (Park, 2009). Colleges across the country were forced to scramble to develop plans and implement counter measures to ensure the safety of their students and workers.Some colleges such as Arizona State went so far as to stock up on medications such as Tamiflu to dispense to students, other schools prepared dorms to be used as quarantine locations for infected students (McGraw, 2009). Almost all colleges developed and implemented some sort of prevention edu cation program to deal with the spread of the flu. Ultimately, the education and prophylactic measures proved to be the most successful measures (CDC, 2010) Campus safety is not only important to the lives of those on college campuses but to the reputation of the college which is tied to its enrolment and in turn its economic success (Clunn, 2010).It is recommended that individuals be prepared to take care of themselves for the first hours of an emergency or disaster (Bayless, 2011; FEMA, 2011). An interesting argument is how prepared college students are in the area of safety prevention. College Watch contended that a major reason for an increase in campus related fires is that the students’ knowledge level in regards to safety aspects is not proficient. For example, the number one factor found in campus fires was cooking accidents (Campus Fire Watch, 2011).Cooking safety is a pretty common fire prevention topic in grade school so it is surprising that it would be the number one cause of fires on campus. According to Aschenbrener (2001), college campus students, faculty, and staff are at risk from thousands of different hazards. Prevention practices can teach the normal person how to live safer and how better be prepared for an emergency or disaster that may affect them and their family (Comeau, 2007). For college inhabitants to minimize their risk to death or injury from an unintentional injury they must have the knowledge and practice prevention strategies.Preparedness is significant. According to White House (2003), preparedness is the existence of plans, procedures, policies, training, and equipment necessary at the federal, state, and local level to maximize the ability to prevent, respond to, and recover from major events. Meanwhile, National Incident Management System (2012) defined preparedness as a continuous cycle of planning, organizing, training, equipping, exercising, evaluating, and taking corrective action in an effort to ensure effectiv e coordination during incident response.This cycle is one element of a broader National Preparedness System in order abating dangers. B. Local The Philippines being a locus of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and typhoons is a hotbed of disasters. Natural hazards have in? icted thousands of  deaths and costly damage to property, not only natural disasters that has great impact to the lives of Filipino but also the human- induced or man-made disaster (Corresponding Author). In a report from Citizen’s Disaster Response Center (CDRC, 2011), a total of 431 natural and human-induced disasters were reported in the Philippines in 2011.These killed 1,774 people, and affected more than 3 million families or 15. 3 million people, and caused over Php 26 billion in economic damages. Based on the EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database, of the 302 natural disasters that happened worldwide, 33 occurred in the Philippines and 21 in China. Last year, the country was only third on that list with only 14 natural disasters recorded. The Philippines also placed third in the list of countries most affected by natural disasters in 2011 with 11. 7 million people affected. Previously, the country placed only 5th on that list.In terms of casualties, the Philippines is second to Japan with 1,924 people killed. In terms of frequency, flood topped the list with 121 reported incidents, or 28. 07% of the total number of disaster events monitored in 2011. This was followed by fire with 98 incidents –majority of which occurred in urban centers, particularly in congested urban poor communities. Meanwhile, earthquake occurred 78 times, while landslide 66 times, and tornado 23. Tropical Cyclones may not have made it to the top 5 most frequent disasters, but it affected the most number of people.At least 10. 3 Million people were affected in 2011. The two most destructive tropical cyclones in 2011 are Tropical Storm Sendong (Washi) and Typhoon Pedring (Nesa t). Prevention is doing always better than cure. Why wait for some predicted situations to happen when at first we are aware it will happen? Disasters and calamities though cannot be avoided but can be mitigated. These disasters may serve a lesson for us to become a disaster resilient. Furthermore, what we really need to do is to develop a culture of safety in order to prepare ourselves against any disaster.It is not di? cult to demonstrate that we lack this culture, because examples can range from riding motorcycle bikes without helmets, to search and rescue teams not knowing where to ? nd rubber boats to save flood victims. According to Philippine Information Agency (PIA, 2011), during calamities, children are most vulnerable, reason to have education about disaster risk reduction. Since natural calamities are unpreventable, the best government can do is to reduce its disastrous effect through knowledge on disaster preparedness.The provinces of Leyte, Southern Leyte and Eastern Sa mar in Eastern Visayas are the provinces specifically at high risk of natural calamities like landslide and flooding as the said provinces are located in the eastern seaboard of the country. As a preventive measure against disaster the Department of Education (DepEd), the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) have mandates to concretize disaster preparedness by integrating disaster reduction and management education in the curricula of the public secondary and tertiary schools.It was learned that some schools in Eastern Visayas have started adopting introductory courses and modules on disaster risk reduction at the start of classes this year. The Regional Risk Reduction Management Council (RDRRMC) tied up with the DepEd in the conduct of a training and seminar for teachers expected to handle the subject. Some schools in Leyte have already included disaster risk reduction in their Earth Science subject even if the subject have yet to be formally ironed out between the National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC) and the DepEd (PIA, 2011).The subject will also be taught in the National Service Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary schools, technical-vocational, indigenous learning and in out of school youth courses. (PIA-8) It is very helpful for students to have information about weather conditions in the Philippines. Good news from students and also to Filipino, Department of Science and Technology launched a mobile application based on its highly successful project called  NOAH  which stands for Nationwide Operational Assessment of  Hazards. From the report, NOAH aims to provide reliable and authoritative information about weather conditions in the country.It is designed to be a disaster preparedness system to reduce loss of lives, and damages to properties due to rain-triggered natural  hazards. Now that it’s accessible via a mobile application, Filipinos will be able to access information r elevant to current weather conditions right on the palm of their  hands. Raymund Liboro, Department of Science and Technology project director for  NOAH said, â€Å"When it comes to getting and accessing information, there is nothing more ubiquitous than the mobile phone†. A 2011 World Bank study showed that 80 percent of Filipino households have a mobile phone, making the application convenient and  accessible.Furthermore, the  NOAH  mobile application will initially be available only for Android smartphones. However, its sharing options will allow users to share information across different social  media. Future enhancements include incorporating a flood forecasting system. â€Å"This will really help us give advance warning to residents of flood-prone areas [and] if there is a need to evacuate,† said Vic Malano, Deputy Administrator of the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical  Services. RELATED STUDIES A. Foreign Kevin Kupietz conducted a research entitled Retention of Emergency Preparedness Knowledge at Halifax Community College.According to him, there are more than 3. 5 million students attending more than 4,000 colleges and universities in America. These students, along with faculty and staff members could be at risk of injury or death from natural or manmade incidents and disasters on and off campus. It is known that how well prepared and the actions one takes during an emergency can have a significant impact on the events outcome. The problem is that the emergency preparedness knowledge of students, faculty, and staff of colleges, like Halifax Community College is unknown.It is critical for emergency preparedness planning to understand the core knowledge of the group that intends to develop protection plans for. With this in mind the purpose of this descriptive study was to examine the current emergency preparedness knowledge of Halifax Community College students, faculty, and staff members. This study used a quantitative survey tool or a web based testing instrument to explore the following questions pertaining to campus students, faculty, and staff: What is their current of understanding of campus emergency procedures?What is their current level of knowledge is in regards to basic emergency preparedness? What is their current level of emergency preparedness based on the prevention actions they have taken? Kupietz’ study found that overall knowledge towards preparedness and prevention was fair to good for those that participated. The study also indicated that while the knowledge may be possessed the prevention actions were not always put into place by participants. This study concluded that a college campus puts a large quantity of people together in a small geographical area.This can create the risk of an event leading to multiple injuries and/or deaths. College campuses often represent a new world of freedom for young adults that may lead to reckless behaviors such as drinking in excess. These factors, singularly and combined, put the typical college campus at risk. Through prevention programs that are able to promote good information with high retention rates that inspire people to take preventative actions the risk can be greatly reduced.Through further research providing foundational information for prevention specialists to work from great strides can be made to protect the students, faculty, and staff of not only Halifax Community College but of colleges across the country. B. Local There was an assessment of disaster preparedness in selected public schools in Luzon, Philippines. This study was conducted by Jonathan Guevarra, Caridad Ancheta, Jason Dela Pena, Adelwisa Ortega and Theresita Lariosa. This study will attempt to describe the disaster preparedness of selected public schools and also School’s disaster preparedness plan.Furthermore, this study will also attempt to determine awareness of key school personnel on disaster preparedness p rograms (both local and national) and Department of Education (DepEd) disaster related policies. From their study, 37 key personnel from elementary and secondary schools were interviewed using an interview guide from January to March 2006. They secured the written permit from the Department of Education (DepEd) Division Superintendent. Prior to interview respondents, consent form was obtained. They were collected the school profile and data on each School’s disaster preparedness.Using descriptive statistics, data was analyzed. After a long period of time, they come up with the following results: of the 37 schools covered in the study, most (59%) of them came from the National Capital Region (NCR) and most of them were Elementary Schools. Thirty five schools (95%) reported to have formed disaster committees. However, less than one third (30%) of the respondent schools had disaster preparedness plans. The majority (95%) of the public schools conducted drills once a year. The mo st common type of drill conducted in these schools was fire and earthquake drills.Fifty-one percent (51%) were not used as centers of evacuation during the disasters that occurred in the last five years. The majority (95%) of the public school key personnel were aware of the national local disaster management programs. All respondents were aware of disaster-related DepEd policies. The five researchers concluded that this study provided a glimpse of the efforts that teachers and students are preparing in times of emergencies and disasters. They recommend that specific hazards that affect schools may have to be addressed. â€Å"Chemical spills†, food poisoning and infectious disease outbreaks are examples of these.These may also be considered the preparation of the School’s preparedness plans. As we reviewed the related literature from the local and foreign studies, it may help to understand the current study. From the local study- Assessment of Disaster Preparedness in Selected Public Schools in Luzon, Philippines, we knew already the status of elementary and secondary students of Luzon in preparing for disaster. In contrast, this current study focuses only to students of Pangasinan State University, Lingayen Campus in assessing also the level or status of their disaster preparedness.Furthermore, this current study does not attempt to determine awareness of key school personnel on disaster preparedness programs but it is similar to the method to be used in analyzing data. From the foreign study entitled Disaster Preparedness; Concepts, Guidance, and Research, it has also a great help to my study. They gave summary of concepts, guidance and research about disaster preparedness. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK From the insights of the related studies and literatures presented earlier, certain concepts stood out as the source of the conceptual framework of this study.Through this, the main intention of this study is to determine the level of disaster preparedne ss of PSU students in Lingayen Campus. The input variables of the study are the profile of the respondents which consist of age, gender, course and section, and civil status. The process is analyzing the information through the descriptive method using questionnaire. The output of this study is the level of disaster preparedness of PSU students in Lingayen Campus. The paradigm found on the succeeding page has guided the researcher in the conduct of this study. PARADIGM Analysis of the input through the descriptive survey methodAnalysis of the input through the descriptive survey method 1. Personal Profile of the students in terms of: a. Sex b. Age c. Civil status 2. The level of preparedness in terms of: a. Natural Disasters b. Man-made Disasters 3. Problems Encountered by the respondents. 4. Personal Profile of the students in terms of: d. Sex e. Age f. Civil status 5. The level of preparedness in terms of: c. Natural Disasters d. Man-made Disasters 6. Problems Encountered by the r espondents. Level of Disaster Preparedness of Pangasinan State University- Lingayen Campus S. Y 2012-2013Level of Disaster Preparedness of Pangasinan State University- Lingayen Campus S. Y 2012-2013 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT Figure 1: Paradigm of the study showing the relationship between the input- process and output of the study. Chapter 3 Research Methodology This chapter deals with the different approaches and techniques used by the researchers in gathering the important data to complete this study. It involves the research design, research locale, samples and sampling techniques, subject, research design, data gathering procedure, validation of instrument, data processing method and statistical treatment. Research DesignThis study is basically descriptive research work. Descriptive research deals with the description, recording, analysis and interpretation of the phenomena that already exist (Calderon, 1993). The data were presented and discussed using descriptive and inferential an alysis technique. Population and Sample of the Study There are 6,447 students enrolled in PSU Lingayen Campus. Ten percent (10%) of the total number of students will be chosen as respondents using stratified random sampling. The distribution is shown in Figure 2. YEAR LEVEL| NUMBER OF ENROLLED STUDENTS| 10%| First year| 1,793| 179| Second year| 1,642| 164|Third year| 1,584| 158| Fourth year| 1,428| 143| TOTAL| 6,447| 645| Figure 2. Distribution of the Respondents of the Study Research Locale The study on the Level of Disaster Preparedness of PSU students, Lingayen Campus was conducted at Pangasinan State University, Lingayen Campus S. Y 2012-2013 Research Instrument The researchers employed questionnaires in gathering data from the respondents. Questionnaire is defined as the document containing a list of questions related to particular topic. The data which will be obtained from the returned questionnaires will be carefully studied to come up with an appropriate output.This study c overs research questionnaires as data gathering instrument. The questionnaire is divided into three parts. The first research questionnaire was made to gather information about personal profile of the respondents such as age, sex, and others. The second questionnaire was intended to obtain data on the disaster preparedness of the respondents. The third questionnaire was intended also to determine the problems encountered by the respondents in disaster preparedness. Validation of the Instrument The instrument used in this study will be valid until School Year 2012-2013.Data Gathering Procedure The researcher was able to gather data thru questionnaire that was given to the respondents. This questionnaire during the time that the respondent answering the questionnaire, the researcher was able to have small informal interviews with the respondents and ask something related to the research problem. Data Processing Method Through descriptive method, data were analyzed. Statistical Tools a nd Treatment The data that were obtained using the questionnaires and the tests were subjected to statistical procedures as follows:Part 1 on the profile of the respondents are measured and analyzed by percentages, and frequency. The formula is as follows: P= fN x 100 Where: P= percentage f= frequency N= number of respondents For problem No. 2, average weighted mean was used in determining the level of disaster preparedness in terms of hazard knowledge The formula in calculating the average weighted mean is shown below: AWM= ? fxN Where= Average Weighted Mean ?= summation of f= frequency x= the number that corresponding to the level of preparedness N= total number of respondentsThe results will be interpreted using the Lickert Scale which is described below: Range| Scale| Descriptive Rating| 5| 4. 21- 5. 00| Very much prepared (VMP)| 4| 3. 41-4. 20| Much prepared (MP)| 3| 2. 61-3. 40| Moderately prepared (MP)| 2| 1. 81-2. 60| Fairly prepared (FP)| 1| 1. 0-1. 80| Not prepared (NP)| F or Problem No. 3, the problems encountered by the students on the disaster preparedness had been computed by using frequency count and ranking. BIBLIOGRAPHY Africa. Carla, â€Å"Philippine Disasters† 9 November 2012. http://www. academia. edu/693831/Lessons_from_recent_Philippine_disastersAschenbrener, M. (2001). In Twombly S. (Ed. ), How colleges and Universities respond to natural disaster. United States- Kansas: The University of Kansas. Retrieved from http://www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=9603275 Campus Fire Watch (2011, April 11). † Current fire information†. Retrieved from http://www. campus-firewatch. com/resources%20center/currentinfo. html CDC (2007). â€Å"10 leading causes of death by age group†, United States-2007. Retrieved from http://cdc. gov/injury/leadingcauses. html Clunn N. (2010. October, 22). â€Å"Students need lessons in off-campus safety†.NorthJersey. com. Retrieved from http://www. northjersey. com/news/cri me_courts/105505788Students_need_lessons_in_off-campus_safety. html FEMA (2011). â€Å"Emergency response action steps†. Retrieved from http://www. fema. gov/plan/ehp/response. shtm Gaull, E. (1997, May). Show me the results! Fire Chief. HCC (2010). Halifax Community College’s annual report 2010. Retrieved from http://www. halifaxcc. edu/AnnualReport/annualreport2010. pdf Mowrer, F. W. (1999). â€Å"Fire safe student housing a guide for campus housing administrators†. Emmitsburg, MD: United States Fire Administration. Park, M. 2009, September, 22). † Students ad H1N1 mingle on campus. CNN†. Retrieved from http://articles. cnn. com. /2009-09-22/health/h1n1. flu,college. students_1_h_1 _n_1-flu-prevention-seasonal-flu? _s=PM:HEALT http://upmcphresearchoffice. weebly. com http://www. futuregov. asia/articles/2012/nov/09/philippines-launches-mobile-app-disaster-preparedn/ http://www. universityworldnews. com/article. php? story=20120518132734905 http://w ww. academia. edu/1936994/An_Analysis_on_Environmental_Management_Polic y_in_the_Philippines APPENDICES APPENDIX A QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE LEVEL OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESSI. RESPONDENTS’ PERSONAL PROFILE DIRECTION: Please check your appropriate answers honestly. Your response will be of strict confidentiality. 1. Name: ____________________________ (optional) 2. Gender:( ) Male ( ) Female 3. Age:( ) 16-18 years old( ) 22-24 years old ( ) 19-21 years old( ) 25 above 4. Civil Status:( ) Single( ) Married II. LEVEL OF DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Direction: Please check on the column that describes the level of disaster preparedness. Numerical ValueDescriptive Equivalent 5very much prepared 4much prepared 3averagely prepared 2fairly prepared 1not prepared . Natural Disasters | 5| 4| 3| 2| 1| Climactic Variability (La Nina, El Nino)| | | | | | Coastal Erosion| | | | | | Drought| | | | | | Earthquake| | | | | | Flood| | | | | | Landslide| | | | | | Tsunami| | | | | | Typhoon and Tropical Surge s| | | | | | Volcanic Eruption| | | | | | Wildfire| | | | | | Disease Epidemic| | | | | | 2. Man-made Disasters | 5| 4| 3| 2| 1| Fire Incident| | | | | | Structural Collapse| | | | | | Hazardous Spills| | | | | | Water Breakdown| | | | | | Food Scarcity| | | | | | Pollution| | | | | | Direction: Put a check on the answer you perceived most. 1.Are you aware of the types of emergencies/ hazards that can potentially affect your area? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 2. Do you think that your family is relatively well-prepared for a disaster? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 3. Do you believe that the community you live in is relatively well- prepared for a disaster? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 4. Have you discussed disaster preparedness with your family, friends, classmates and neighbors? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 5. Do you know how to call for help? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 6. Are you aware with the contact number of different authorities (police hotline)? ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 7. Have you conducted a hazard, impac t, and vulnerability assessments? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 8. Do you have a Family Disaster Supply Kit? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 9. Are you current in First-Aid training (trained in the last 3 years)? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 10. Do you participate in any seminars related to Disaster Preparedness? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 11. Are you responsible in CPR (Cardio-Pulmonary? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 12. Do you know how to operate or use the fire extinguisher? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 13. Do you monitor TV and radio reports? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 4. Do you know where your family records are? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 15. Do you stay calm and remember what it is that you know and how it is going to get you through the situation you’re in? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 16. Are you aware where your family will meet outside your home in case of an emergency? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 17. Have you practiced an emergency drill in your home or school within the past year? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 18. Do you know about disaster plans at your school? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 19. Are you aware with the precautionary measures in case of disasters? ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 20. Some family members have special needs, for example the elderly, mobility impaired or sick. Do you have a plan for making sure these members will be safe during a disaster? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 21. Do you have plan for your pets? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 22. Do you prepare a recovery plans? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 23. Do you secure your important documents and properties? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe 24. Do you have the mobile application Project NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of  Hazards)? ( ) Yes( ) No( ) Maybe III.PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED BY THE RESPONDENTS IN THE DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Direction: Please put a check on the space provided for which is you think is the most problem that you encounter in the disaster preparedness. _____ Lack of conducting hazard, impact, and vulnerability assessments _____Lack of appreciation and support to the Disaster Preparedness _____Lack of Disaster Coordinating Council at the local level _____Erroneous disaster reporting and monitoring _____ Difficult to measure the effects _____ Lack of disaster information material _____ Inadequate training in disaster preparedness by key barangay people _____ Lack of facilities ____ Lack of evacuation plans _____ Lack of time to prepare CURRICULUM VITAE RYAN SANCHEZ ORIS #235Barangay Lasip, Lingayen, Pangasinan 09077996587 [email  protected] com I. Personal Background Age:18 Date of Birth:August 6, 1994 Place of Birth:Pangasinan Gender:Male Civil Status:Single Nationality:Filipino Height: Weight: II. Educational Background TertiaryBachelor of Secondary Education (Physical Science) Pangasinan State University Alvear St. Brgy. Poblacion, Lingayen, Pangasinan 2011-present SecondaryLasip National High School Lasip. Lingayen, Pangasinan Salutatorian 2007-2011